The problem is no what happens to lithium afterwards. The problem is what the environmental cost of getting the lithium out of the earth.
End2End encryption is mostly a PR stunt. In practice it’s not hard to go around it. For example:
It reminds me of this XKCD: https://xkcd.com/538/
openstreetmaps.org ecosystem
for navigation I use Organic Maps: https://f-droid.org/en/packages/app.organicmaps/
I like OsmAnd too, but it’s too much for most of my use cases. I still use it for recording trips.
For most people, including most city dwellers, trains are indeed the correct solution.